Widespread forced conscription campaigns
Investigations reveal that the M23 has escalated forced recruitment operations following its capture of key cities including Goma and Bukavu in early 2025. Military personnel, local armed group members, and civilians have reportedly been seized and held in makeshift detention centers. Witnesses describe abductions occurring in public spaces, private residences, and during gatherings at schools and churches before victims were transported to undisclosed military camps.
Child soldiers among the victims
The report highlights the alarming inclusion of minors as young as 12 years old in these forced recruitment drives. Survivors recount being sent to training facilities where they underwent both military drills and ideological indoctrination sessions to integrate them into M23 ranks. HRW emphasizes that these activities occurred under extreme duress, with detainees facing threats of execution for non-compliance.
Harrowing detention conditions
Conditions within these holding facilities have been described as severely deplorable. Survivors cite overcrowding, acute shortages of food and water, and systematic physical abuse. Accounts detail fatalities resulting from starvation, dehydration, and both random and targeted violence. While exact death tolls remain unverified, testimonies suggest hundreds may have perished in these camps.
Allegations extend to Rwandan involvement
Multiple testimonies identify M23 commanders overseeing detention operations, with some witnesses claiming that instructors and guards included Rwandan nationals wearing uniforms of the Rwandan Defence Forces. These accusations emerge amid escalating regional tensions, as Kigali continues to deny allegations of direct military support to the M23.